https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAfWtskwXWg

Framing

Framing, especially in the photographic arts, is primarily concerned with the position and perspective of the viewer. 

Rule of thirds

The rule of thirds states than an image is most pleasing when its subjects or regions are composed along imaginary lines which divide the image into thirds — both vertically and horizontally

The Rule of Thirds

Depth of field (deep and shallow focus)

In optics, particularly as it relates to film and photography, depth of field (DOF), also called focus range or effective focus range, is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image.

Focus pulls

The focus pull (AKA rack focus) is a creative camera technique in which you change focus during a shot. Usually this means adjusting the focus from one subject to another. The focus pull is useful for directing the viewer's attention. For example, if there are two people in shot but only one is in focus, that person is the subject of attention. If the focus changes to the other person, they become the subject. This is often used in drama dialogues — the focus shifts backwards and forwards between the people speaking. A slightly more subtle trick is to focus on a person speaking then pull focus to another person's silent reaction.

Shots.

Long Shot & Extreme Long Shot 

A long shot is the name for a shot when it is taken from a large distance, with objects appearing as 'indistinct shapes'. An extreme long shot is a view shot from a greater distance than a long shot

The Black Hole - Interstellar

In the movie Interstellar, Matthew McConaughey's character, Cooper, and his team encounter 'Gargantua', a supermassive black hole. To show the extreme size of the 'supermassive' black hole in space, there is an extreme long shot, revealing a comparison on an extremely large scale between the size of the protagonists' spaceship, and Gargantua. The long shot is at the mark 1:15 on the YouTube video above. The audience instantly see how big this object is with the long shot being used and after this, when different shots are used, the audience will remember how big it is.

Close Up

A close up shot closely focuses on one character or one object. Very distinctly, facial expressions or close details on objects are able to be seen with a close up shot - they display the most detail

Matt Murdock Attends Confession - Daredevil

 
This scene is the protagonist, Matthew Murdock, attending Confession at a church in New York - and the shots focus on both him and the priest listening to him in the booth beside him. Close up shots show his slight nervousness or uneasiness, as he fidgets with his glasses and portrays his facial expressions with a degree of uncertainty. The audience are able to see these facial expressions because the shot is so 'close up', and in fact the shots begin to zoom as the scene progresses.

Medium Shot 

A medium shot is a shot taken from a 'medium' distance. The shot is usually used to show characters' actions on an object or objects. Facial expressions are moderately shown

The Joker Blows Up the Hospital - The Dark Knight

 
The scene focuses on Heath Ledger's 'Joker' character. As he moves through a hospital and proceeds to go outside and blow up the entire building. Shown is the immense destruction of the structure and the medium shot allows the audience to see the scale of said destruction. Although Ledger is focused on and is at the front and middle of the screen - the audience become focused on the large explosions going on behind him.

Mid shot
Wide shot
Two shot
Aerial shot
Point of view shot
Over the shoulder shot