Sound

SOUND

Diegetic Sound


Diegetic sound is sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film

Anakin, Obi-Wan & Yoda Vs. Count Dooku | Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones



The sound of the lightsabers' clashing and general 'running' are diegetic. They are heard whilst the lightsabers are visible on screen


Non Diegetic Sound

Non diegetic sound is the opposite of diegetic sound. It is sound whose source is not visible on screen 

The Shooting of Candy's Dog | Of Mice And Men



The sound of Candy's dog being shot is heard but not seen in this scene


Synchronous Sound

Synchronous sound is sound that is matched to certain movements occurring in the scene e.g when footsteps correspond to feet walking.

The Boo Box | Hook



Captain Hook's footsteps are heard as they are seen by the viewer.


Asynchronous Sound

Asynchronous sound doesn't seem match the sound source seen on screen



Sound Motif

This is when the sound that one can hear is identified



Sound Bridge

When the scene begins with the carry-over sound from the previous scene before the new sound begins.

Dialogue

A conversation between two or more people as a feature of a film.

Interrogation Scene | The Dark Knight



The dialogue between Batman and The Joker is seen on screen, easily identified 



Voiceover

A piece of narration in a film, not accompanied by an image of the speaker


Mode of address/direct address

Modes of address can be defined as the ways in which relations between addresser and addressee are constructed in a text. In order to communicate, a producer of any text must make some assumptions about an intended audience; reflections of such assumptions may be discerned in the text (advertisements offer particularly clear examples of this).

Sound mixing

A production sound mixer, location soundrecordist, location sound engineer or simply sound mixer is the member of a film crew or television crew responsible for recording all sound recording on set during the filmmaking or television production using professional audio equipment


Sound perspective

Sound perspective refers to the apparent distance of a sound. Clues to the distance of the source include the volume of the sound and the balance with other sounds, the frequency range (high frequencies may be lost at a distance), and the amount of echo and reverberation.

Sound tracks

Sound tracks are the music compilations for a movie

Score

(Link to sound tracks?)


Incidental music

Music used in a film or play as a background to create or enhance a particular atmosphere.

1. Explain in your own words, why editing is so important.

Editing or post production is crucial to smooth out all the elements of a good movie. A movie will, more than likely, not turn out well if all the filmed scenes are left un-tempered and just bare recordings.

    2. Find definition, examples and include brief analysis of the following types of cuts:

Shot / Reverse shot

A cut-in shot is a close-up shot of something visible in the main scene. A cutaway shot is a shot away from the main scene.

This Guy on YouTube | YouTube

Eyeline Match

An eyeline match is a film editing technique commonly associated with continuity editing. Eyeline refers to the path of the looking eye and is similar to the shot reverse shot. It is based on the audience wanting to view what the character on screen is viewing, the camera starts on the character looking at something the audience cannot see the camera then cuts to the object they are looking at.

Looking Out the (Rear) Window | Rear Window



An example of this is in Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window, the main character is confined to his apartment and often looks out of the rear window and so eyeline matches are frequently used to show the focus of his gaze’s outside.

Graphic Match

A match cut, also called a graphic match is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which objects in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots metaphorically

The Bone and The Space Station | 2001: A Space Odyssey



An example of a "match cut," in which two shots with similar compositional elements are joined (in this case, obviously, the bone and the space station). These types of cuts are often used for simply aesthetic reasons, or, as in this case, to suggest a metaphorical or thematic connection.

Action Match

Cutting on action or matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action. A common example is a man walking up to a door and reaching for the knob. Just as his hand touches the knob the scene cuts to a shot of the door opening from the other side.

Any Fight Scene in This, Really | The Matrix

Fight sequences like this one rely on cutting on action to maintain spatial and temporal continuity

Jump Cut

An abrupt transition from one scene to another.

Opening / "Where is the Stone?" | Snatch



This scene quickly / abruptly changes from Frankie Four-Fingers and his robbers inside their heist, to him admiring the stone inside the getaway van. The movie's title sequence begins straight after this

Parallel Editing / Cross-cutting

Parallel Editing (Cross-cutting) is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. Parallel editing (cross-cutting) is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. If the scenes are simultaneous, they occasionally culminate in a single place, where the relevant parties confront each other.

Crosscutting from 'Inception' | Inception

Insert

In film, an insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing. An insert differs from a cutaway as cutaways cover action not covered in the master shot.

Chris reads Tolstoy's "Family Happiness" | Into the Wild

Dissolve

In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. 

(Pointlessly) Getting Out of the Car | Wolf of Wall Street



Honestly, I have no words. Why was this even necessary. Clearly, this is editing work involving the person getting out of the car. But why? I really don't know.

Fade-in, Fade-out

In editing, fade out is a term used to describe a transition effect where the image slowly disappears into a black. This usually indicated the end of a scene or the video. Fade out is a type of dissolve effect.

Fading In on the Opening | Boyz in da Hood



The opening to Boyz in da Hood begins with a few quotes in white on a black background, and then comes in from a black screen. The movie begins from here.

Wipe Shot

A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the frame to another or with a special shape.

"Revenge of the Wipe" | Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith



Heavily used. Heavily criticized. I'm almost sure this movie was finalized on Windows Movie Maker. The wipe shot 'transition' was used 78 too many times in this movie.

Superimposition

In editing superimposition is the placement of an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video, usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to conceal something

Ending Scene Involving Young Anakin Skywalker | Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi



Many years before the Star Wars prequel trilogy was created, there came the original trilogy; which concluded with "Return of the Jedi", where (spoiler alert) Darth Vader is killed off. During this time when this was released, Anakin Skywalker (Vader under the mask), didn't have a face yet. At the end of the movie, when his full face was revealed - it was Sebastian Shaw that was shown, which didn't fit with the prequel stories later created, as by this age he (Anakin) was already a Sith (bad guy). So, in 2004, superimposition was used to place Christensen's face on to Shaw's body to fit with the prequels. That took some explaining but oh well.

Long take

In filmmaking, a long take is an uninterrupted shot in a film which lasts much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general, usually lasting several minutes.

The Copacabana Lounge Nightclub Long Take Shot | Goodfellas





One of Martin Scorsese's most famous scenes - this is all one shot. From the car to the kitchen, there is no editing in order to change shots. This is all filmed in one take

Slow Motion

This is, through editing, the showing film or playing back video more slowly than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears much slower than in real life.

Intro Scene / Slow Motion Walking | Reservoir Dogs




Ellipsis & Expansion of time

This ellipsis and/or expansion of time presents an 'action' in a way that it takes up less time on screen than it does in the story



Post Production

Post production is all work done on a film or recording after filming or recording has taken place.

Post Production from 2012 | The Hobbit



Visual Effects

In filmmaking, visual effects (abbreviated VFX) are the processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shot.

Anakin Skywalker vs. Obi-Wan Kenobi | Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith



VFX have been implemented and played a large part in the 'Star Wars' series - both in the prequel trilogy and the original trilogy. The scene chosen, features VFX being used for the two protagonists' powers, "lightsabers" and their crazy acrobatics. The scenes were filmed and then VFX added, such as the weapons - which were just hilts during filming, then edited to add the blades.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAfWtskwXWg

Framing

Framing, especially in the photographic arts, is primarily concerned with the position and perspective of the viewer. 

Rule of thirds

The rule of thirds states than an image is most pleasing when its subjects or regions are composed along imaginary lines which divide the image into thirds — both vertically and horizontally

The Rule of Thirds

Depth of field (deep and shallow focus)

In optics, particularly as it relates to film and photography, depth of field (DOF), also called focus range or effective focus range, is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image.

Focus pulls

The focus pull (AKA rack focus) is a creative camera technique in which you change focus during a shot. Usually this means adjusting the focus from one subject to another. The focus pull is useful for directing the viewer's attention. For example, if there are two people in shot but only one is in focus, that person is the subject of attention. If the focus changes to the other person, they become the subject. This is often used in drama dialogues — the focus shifts backwards and forwards between the people speaking. A slightly more subtle trick is to focus on a person speaking then pull focus to another person's silent reaction.

Shots.

Long Shot & Extreme Long Shot 

A long shot is the name for a shot when it is taken from a large distance, with objects appearing as 'indistinct shapes'. An extreme long shot is a view shot from a greater distance than a long shot

The Black Hole - Interstellar

In the movie Interstellar, Matthew McConaughey's character, Cooper, and his team encounter 'Gargantua', a supermassive black hole. To show the extreme size of the 'supermassive' black hole in space, there is an extreme long shot, revealing a comparison on an extremely large scale between the size of the protagonists' spaceship, and Gargantua. The long shot is at the mark 1:15 on the YouTube video above. The audience instantly see how big this object is with the long shot being used and after this, when different shots are used, the audience will remember how big it is.

Close Up

A close up shot closely focuses on one character or one object. Very distinctly, facial expressions or close details on objects are able to be seen with a close up shot - they display the most detail

Matt Murdock Attends Confession - Daredevil

 
This scene is the protagonist, Matthew Murdock, attending Confession at a church in New York - and the shots focus on both him and the priest listening to him in the booth beside him. Close up shots show his slight nervousness or uneasiness, as he fidgets with his glasses and portrays his facial expressions with a degree of uncertainty. The audience are able to see these facial expressions because the shot is so 'close up', and in fact the shots begin to zoom as the scene progresses.

Medium Shot 

A medium shot is a shot taken from a 'medium' distance. The shot is usually used to show characters' actions on an object or objects. Facial expressions are moderately shown

The Joker Blows Up the Hospital - The Dark Knight

 
The scene focuses on Heath Ledger's 'Joker' character. As he moves through a hospital and proceeds to go outside and blow up the entire building. Shown is the immense destruction of the structure and the medium shot allows the audience to see the scale of said destruction. Although Ledger is focused on and is at the front and middle of the screen - the audience become focused on the large explosions going on behind him.

Mid shot
Wide shot
Two shot
Aerial shot
Point of view shot
Over the shoulder shot